عاشورا: ار مدینه تا کربلا
IN THE NAME OF GOD
From Medina to Karbala
When Imam Hassan was killed by Mu'awiya, shi’it people of Iraq asked Imam Husayn to start a movement. They wrote to Imam that they would support him toppling down Mu’awiya, but Imam Husayn rejected and informed them that he was keeping his promise to Mu’awiya and he would wait until his death. Mu’awiya, on the other hand, broke the promise and announced Yazid as the crown prince. After Mu’awiya’s death Yazid worte to Walid to convince Husayn. He requested Marwan,b. Hakam to help him since he had been the former governor of the city.
Marwan advised him to invite the people mentioned in Yazid’s letter before they would have the time to leave Medina and announce their disagreement. He advised Walid to kill them before they start any movement.When Walid sent Abd-Allah b, Uthman to inform them, Imam and Abd-Allah Zubayr were in the mosque. Imam asked Abd-Allah b. Zubayr to go and said that he would go later.
Abd-Allah left the city for Mecca during the night and took refuge there; however, Imam Husayn took some people from Banu-Hashim with him and said “ if I should call you, you join me, if not, do not enter the place”. Marwan and Walid were sitting there. Imam asked them “what do you want me to do?” The governor answered we ask you to recognize Yazid since people have accepted him and it is for the good of Muslim world to do so”. Imam Husayn said “My agreement in this room is of no worth, you want people to follow me recognizing Yazid, don’t you? The governor said "O.K". "It could be performed later” and asked Imam to leave.
Marwan warned Walid that if Husayn left there he would never pay allegiance to Yazid, he, then encouraged Walid to kill Imam. Imam Husayn kicked him down and left the place. He stayed in Medina for three other nights, visiting the prophets memorial (tomb), praying and asking God to shed some lights. At the 3rd night he falls asleep in the sanctuary and visits the prophet in his dream, he sees the angels in his right and left sides. The prophet hugs him and kisses his eyes, and says “I will visit you very soon, you would be killed and beheaded by the people for whom I would never ask forgiving in the Resurrection. It’s tomorrow, Imam left Medina (it will have been 27th or 28 th of Rajab). With his family, brothers, children, nephews and nieces but Muhammad al-Hanafiyya, who was sick and crippled.
He advised Imam to leave Medina for Yaman Since he could find his fathers disciples there. “If you felt calm and in ease stay there, if not take refuge in Mountains and deserts and keep your time to see what happens” he said. Imam Husayn declared; “I’ll never pay allegiance to Yazid even is I can’t find any safe place on the world”. Both men wept and then Imam indicated that he was free to stay in Madina and the worte his will to him:
In the name of God the Compationate the Merciful.
This is the will of Husayn b. Ali to his brother, MUhammed b. Hanafiyya. Husayn witnesses that God is the most almighty and Muhammed (P.B.U.H) is his prophet appointed by God. Heaven and Hell are right and the resurrection day would be met, undoubtedfully God will raise everybody from their graves. I didn’t leave Medina to hold showing off, bad wills, and corruption or cruelty but also for the good will of people, I did it to preach my religion and probed to do evil. I want to follow my father Ali and his way. Those who accept the right and recognize me have recognized God and those reject me, I will wait for God’s judgement since he is the best of judges. This is my will to you, brother.”
Then he folded the letter, sealed it, and gave it to Muhammad and said good bye to him: و الا بالله علیه توکلت و الیه انیب
Imam Husayn left Medina for Mecca passing through the Main road not via hidden roads. Some of his comrades warned him of the dangers and probable hazards; but he said “I don’t like to escape like rebels and riots, God is the greatest and his will ordaines the world”. Rejecting the recognition of Yazid, Imam Husayn raised a crucial movement which was more important than the letters written to him. It took place in a stagnant condition in which nobody dared reject or object Mu’awiya or Yazid, his son who was young, proud, inexperienced and more cruel than his father. During Mu’awiya’s the bought clergies of the time damned Ali, the previous caliph and Imam, in the mosques.
It was dangerous for people to talk about his valuable sayings and anybody quoting him did it cautiously. In such an environment, objecting Yazid was not an ordinary act to be carried out. Never the less, Imam al-Husayn proclaimed “NO”. When he entered Mecca lots of shi’it people came to him. Add-Allah b. Zabyr was taking refuge in Mecca, too. He was jealous to Imam and thoughtful whether people would recognize and respect him when Imam- Husayn is in Mecca.
Kufa people, on the other hand, rejected Yazid when they got informed of Mu’awiya’s death. They got happy that Imam Husayn had not paid any allegiance to Yazid and Kufa shi’its gathered together in Sulayman, b. Fard. Khazaei; He told them “You are Husayn’s and his father’s shi’it. If you can’t help him; never write him, and try not to deceive him” They confessed that they would help Imam Husayn, and would sacrifice themselves for him.(Such great boasts). The letters were sent to Imam continually through envoys, one of the most famous of whom being Ghays b. Musahar. Saydawi,
Imam received all the letters in Ramadan. He read all of them and asked Ghays about the real status in Kufa, “people are waiting for you", he said. Imam said his prayer and wrote answers of the letters and asked Ghays and Muslim b. Aqil b. Abi Talib to leave Mecca for Kufa and Basra as his ambassadors. He asked them to be cautious and hide the letters, evaluate the situation, and in case of general agreement and loyalty of people in Kufa let him informed as soon as possible. In his letter lmam had said; "respected and great believers of Kufa, your last letters were given to me by Hani b. hani and Said b. abd-Allah Hanafi. You all believe that you need an Imam. you have asked me to join you to find the way of prosperity. I’ll send me brother and cousin Muslim b.Aqil to you. I’ve asked him to write me if the reality is in line with what you have written. If this is so, I’ll come to you very soon. God willingly, i hope to be a just Imam and judge according to Koran, and perform right religion and devote myself to Islam, ”.
Muslim b.Aqil left Mecca for Medina. He said his prayer in Rasoul_Allah mosque (prophet’s mosque) there. He visited friends and family, hired two guides; they missed the road and both of his guides passed away because of hot weather in Iraq. Muslim b.Aqil wrote a letter to Imam and asked Ghays to take it to me. He had written what had happened and had asked Imam to send another person to accomplish the action. Imam answered,“I am anxious and afraid of your resignation, do whatever I’ve ordered ”.
Muslim b.Aqil entered Kufa and settled in Mukhtar, al thaqafi, and according to some, in Muslim, b.A.Asadi. He visited lots of shi’it people. When he read Imam Husayn’s letter they all cried. The first person announced his agreement and allegiance to Imam was Ab’as b.Abi.shabib Shakeri, then Hbib.b.Mazahir raised and 18000 people paid allegiance to al.Husayn through Muslim. He reported everything to Imam. Since shi’its visited Muslim too much, his presence was not preserved as a secret. It was soon opened to the ruler of the city, Nu’man.b.Subayr.
Hur. b. Yazid Riyahi Joins Husayn b. Ali.
Hurs who was the first man prohibiting Husayn from getting back to Mecca or moving towards Kufa, felt there was something wrong with what he had done.
He asked Umar not to start war. He advised Umar to prevent the war. Umar informed him that he was not the man to decide. It was Ubayid-allah’s decision. Hur thought with himself and came to Imam. Somebody told him “Hur, you are shivering, what’s wrong with you”. “It is said that you are the bravest among all in this army”. He answered “I’m in a great dilemma; I am between the Heaven and the Hell. I have got to be aware and take the right direction and choose the correct way.
Riding on his horse, Hur moved towards Imam Husayn’s group and asked Imam to forgive him. He soon tried to repent his action. It is a good lesson for those people who make sins and don’t know if they should repent or not.
Imam forgave him. He got back to the Kufa army and asked them to stop war and their bad behaviors. Then he started a brave war. He killed a lot of kufa army and then he was killed. Imam came to him and saw Hur’s bloody body. “I admire you. You’re a man of liberty, God had created you a freeman”. Imam Husayn said “The next one who was killed was Muslim b. Ausaja, the very man who was in charge of recording allegiances to Imam Husayn in Kufa when Muslim b. Agil was active there.
Imam Husayn’s Dream while horse riding and Ali Akbar’s Reaction.
Al-Husayn’s caravan was moving towards Karbala. He fell asleep on his horse. When he woke up he said “انالله واناليه راجعون” , “We are from God and shall get back to him”. Everybody wanted to know why he had said that verse. His son, Ali Akbar, the very person who was alike the prophet, his grandfather, came to him and asked the reason. “ I heard somebody telling me this caravan is moving towards death and this is death running it”.
Imam Husayn said “القوم يسيرون و الموت تسيربهم” , “I am sure all of us would be killed in this land”. Ali Akbar thought about what his father had said and reacted the same way as Ismaeil, Ibrahim’s son (the prophet) did. “Ibrahim said to Ismaeil that God had had ordered him to sacrifice him for God”, He answered “ Father, do whatever God wants you to do, you’ll find me among the most patients”.
“ يا ابت افعل، تومر ستجدني ان شاء الله من الصابرين (صافات 102)”
When he wants to sacrifice his son, God’s messenger brings him the news declaring “We didn’t want you to kill your son, we wanted to see how well you obey us. Both of you showed that you are submitted to us (God).
Ali Akbar also said “ We are right, and God has selected our destination, if we are to face our destiny, we’ll do it”.
Imam Husayn got very happy hearing that and said, “Oh, my son, I can’t reward you the way you deserve it. I ask God, the almighty to reward you properly”.
Finally the caravan arrived at Neinava. Imam Husayn asked for the name of the place. “Agar” somebody answered. He asked if there was any other name for it. “Neinava, and Karbala”, they answered. Imam started weeping and while he was smelling the land he said “This is the very land in which I would be killed, Jibraeil, the messenger, had previously revealed the news to our prophet”.
They set their camp there, Hur’s corps also settled near them. Suddenly an envoy coming form Kufa arrived at the place and went right away to Hur, disrespecting Imam Husayn. He had brought a letter from Ibn Ziyad. “After receiving my letter, make the situation harder for Husayn, force him to stay in a dry land with no shelter and water. My envoy is with you until you put my orders and commands into action.
Hur forced Imam Husayn not to leave the place. Imam wanted to be near a village, Qazeriya, or Neinave” but Hur didn’t let him do so. Hur wrote to Ubayd allah b. Ziyad and reported him what had happened. Ibn. Ziyad wrote a letter to Imam Husayn which was received by him while he was just settled in Karbala. The letter contained the following.
“Oh, Husayn, I am aware that you are in Karbala. Yazid has ordered me to force you either to join us and pay allegiance to him or kill you and send you to your God, this is the last occasion for you”.
Imam read the letter and threw it away and said “Those who made people satisfied and dissatisfied God will never meet prosperity”. The man asked for the answer and Imam rejected giving any answer to Ibn. Ziyad. The man came back to Ibn. Ziyad and he got very angry. He asked Umar. b. Saad, who was a superficial, shallow clergyman, a bought one, not a worrier, to be the leader of corps against Al. Husayn. The reason was the fact that Ibn. Ziyad wanted him to fool people and brainwash them and show that Husayn is an outlaw and against Islam. Since Umar was enjoying a famous Muslim family he could deceive people more easily in this regard. The assumption was that as Saad b. Vagas , his father, was a very well-known man fighting for Islam and against its enemies, Umar, also will do the same, and those being attacked by Umar are not righteous Muslims. To stimulate and seduce Umar to do the action, Ibn. Ziyad promised him to be the governor of Rey after the dispute was settled down. He was most willing to have the position and gluttony of it made him much more seduced and influenced. He moved towards Karbala with 4000 soldiers and cavalry forces. A lot of groups of soldiers were sent to join him in the following days and it is reported that in Muharram the sixth, there were more than 30,000 soldiers under Umar’s command. Umar was trying to settle the dispute without starting any war and without bloodshed.
He wrote a letter to Ibn. Ziyad and said that Husayn has come here because people had asked him to come and now he is willing to leave this land”. Ibn. Ziyad answered, “Ask Husayn and his companions to give up, we will decide upon them”. Sending a new envoy he asked Umar b. Saad to deprive Husayn from water so that they could not drink any water. Umar sent Amr, b. Hujaj to capture the area near water and abstained Husayn from water.
Habib. b. Mazaher, observing the great number of enemy forces came to Imam and said “There is a tribe near here that might help us.” Imam answered “Inform them of the fact that they would be killed here in this land”. Habib went to the tribe, called Banu-Asad, and gathered 90 people to help them. Umar b.Saad sent 400 soldiers, to fight with them. They overcome Banu. Asad and closed the water on Husayn and his followers. Imam started praying and then went to the land behind the tents and the camp and digged the ground. A fountain appeared and they all drank water. Then he hid the fountain. The event was reported to Ibn. Ziyad. He got very angry and ordered Umar b. Saad to harden the situation for Imam Husayn. Imam Husayn sent somebody to Umar b. Saad and asked him to talk privately. During the night they talked a lot and al-Husayn advised him to realise the facts and forget about Yazid and try to save Islam. Umar came back to his army and wrote a letter to Ibn. Ziyad saying that, “The dispute is nearly ended up. Husayn has promised me to leave this land. You can send him to one of the remote lands of Islamic territory. It is much better for you and the people”. Ibn. Ziyad read the letter and started thinking deeply. He decided to solve the problem without bloodshed, but Shimr b. Zeljoushan forbade him from issuing any command in this regard “If Husayn leaves this land, you can never find him again, there are a lot Shi’ it people following him and you might not fight against him and topple him down. Ask them to give up, then you can either forgive or sentence them”. “He is trying to find an opening to escape, but the time is wax and wane”.
Ibn. Ziyad accepted Shimr’s idea and went angry with Umar. He wrote a letter to him and said “I’ve not sent you to defend Husayn. If he is willing to give up with no war, send him to me, if not, attack them, kill them and tear them limb from limb. Kill Husayn and put him under the hoof of your horses”. “If you obey my commands I’ll reward you, if you can’t do it submit the leadership of the army to Shimr”. He issued a confidential order to Shimr. The command was issuing that in case of any resistance Umar should be killed and the army should be ordered by Shimr b. Zeljoushan”.
Shimr went to Umar b. Saad. It was Muharram the 9th. Shimr was much too eager to see Umar’s disobedience, but Umar accepted the orders and ranked him above his ground troops but he himself commanded the corps. They were a lot but they afraid of some people like Abbas, in al-Husayn’s group. They decided to segregate him from Husayn and hence, Shimr who was Abbas’s mother’s brother went to visit him. He called Abbas loudly and Imam let him go out to see Shimr. Abbas didn’t accept his uncle's idea and came back to Imam Husayn. Abbas was a great worrier and he had proved it in the previous wars such as Sifin where he was fighting beside his father Ali, b. Abitaleb. In that war every body was surprised how powerfully he was dealing with the war and now in Karbala he was revealing that he wouldn’t leave Husayn, his brother, alone. He resisted the temptation Shimr devised. Some moment passed and Umar ordered the war saying that his army is fighting for God and they would be placed in the Paradise if they were killed by Husayn’s corps. It is reported that 30 thousand men attacked Imam Husayn’s camp. Zeinab, Imam’s sister, started crying and asked him to do something. He asked her to stop crying and weeping. He advised her to be silent and patient. Then he said “I’ll join my God tomorrow, I dreamed it some moments ago”. In a retrospect we can see that Ashura event is full of joys and sorrows; joys are the bravery, virtue and purity observed among the small group of Imam Husayn and sorrows are for what they go through and experience amidst the unequal war they have got to fight.
Abu. Usama. Saedi’s reminding Imam of the praying
Abu. Usama, a loyal friend and companion of Imam Husayn reminded him of the noon-prayer and Imam got very happy. Some members of the group tried to provide Imam with a shelter to accomplish the activity.
A man, named, Hasin b. Tamim wanted to prevent this action and cried “Your praying is not accepted and approved by God, you are not believing in God”. Habib b. Mazahir attacked him and a large group of soldiers resisted against him. He killed more than 62 people and did not let them get near to Imam so that he could be able to finish his praying. It is said that after the Karbala event, Qasim, Habib’s son sued his father’s killer and did the same with him.
Zuhayr. B. Qays and Said b. Abdallah protected Imam performing the prayer, and Abd-allah-Hanafi, was said to shield his majesty from the arrows and so many arrows injured his body and he fell down, and martyred. It is quoted that Zahir-Ibn Ghin killed many enemies. You see Imam’s followers anticipated each other to sacrifice them for Imam, but a few of them did not help him as Zahak-Ibn-Abdollah Mashreghi.
How the prophets' community killed Imam Husayn
(The grandson of the prophet).
The Ashura disastrous event took place 50 years after the prophet's death. It was done by the people who were the followers of the prophet and his tradition; those who had lived with Ali(A.S) and the prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.M); the very people who knew him well. For sure, they were not rejecting Islam, nor they denied Imam Husayn; and surely they believed that Imam Husayn was superior to Yazid. The question is "why and how Umayyad Family took the throne and became caliph?" Abu sufyan, the head of this family, had resisted the prophet and Islam for a long Time, and Muawiya, his son became the governor of "Sham" (Damascus in Syria) 30 years after the prophet's death! He was the caliph for 20 years; in reality he was confronting Islam in those 20 years. The very shallow Muslims killed Imam Husayn though they loved prophet's family and even Imam Husayn. The reason might lie in the fact that these people were firstly under the pressure of a horrorful and terrifying condition; the situation created by Ibn. Ziyad and others had forced people not think properly and decide consciously. The second reason was " Money"; what people were seeking for; It was easy for Yazid to buy these people, and the third important reason was the weakness of faith towards God in those people. Those people were so weak that they were not able to resist the temptations and hence behaved against Al-Husayn.
To sum we can conclude that Husayn (A.) refused to recognize Yazid as caliph and head of Muslims because Islam was altered by Yazid and the like. The same reasons which caused the prophet to start his rising (movement) in Mecca were present when Husayn(A.) started his movement
Ashura Movement and its Aspects
This movement enjoys two confronting aspects: one dull, dark and disastrous while the other one bright and illuminating. In the dark aspect, we observe a world of cruelty towards women and children, forbidding human beings from water. Wiping detained children, women and men, and killing a lot of good people. Our world has witnessed a lot of wars such as the crusades, Europeans in Spain and Sicily, American soldiers killing Vietnamese, the first and the 2nd world wars, etc… but the cruelty executed in Karbala, considering the situation and the relationship between the two parties of war, is the most terrible and disastrous one.
The second phase provides us with humanity, good manners and moralities on the Husayn’s part. The virtue, scarification, and bravery of Imam and his followers and friends came to be a unique source of moral sense for the Muslim world. Banu-Umayya system came to know about their own great mistake, killing Imam, and tried to make one another guilty of the events. They observed that Husayn’s death didn’t augur well for their government.
Husayn’s memorial (tomb) turned out to be a holy place for Muslims. People know that Husayn was killed and his decapitated body was buried there in 680, the place is known as Mashhad (al-) Husayn. This sanctuary is visited by many a people from Muslim world every year.
Zaynab, Imam’s sister addressed Yazid saying
“كوكيدك. واسع سيعك ، ناصب جهدك فولله اتحوذكرنا، ولاتميت و حينا”
that means: “Do whatever you can, but be sure my brother will never die, he is alive and more active after you killed him” and Imam himself, at the very night of the event, was quoted to say “you are best comrades and you are the best ones in the world. I prefer you even to the prophet’s companions in Badr war”. The people who presented bravery and courage in Karbala event were Imam Husayn, Abu’lfazl (al-) Abbas, Ali Akbar, Ali Asghar, Habib. B. Mazahir, Zahir, Muslim b. ‘Aquil (who was killed in Kufa, by order of ‘Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad), and Muslim b. ‘Ausaje,…
Umar and his army were getting to Husayn’s camp when he ordered Abbas, Habib. B. Mazahir, and Zahir b. Qays to go to them and check the issue with them. Umar said to Abbas “Ibn Ziyad has asked me to suggest you to submit and give up and if you reject I’ll fight with you.” Abbas said “Let me check it with Husayn”. He came back to the tents and his companions stayed there to resist against Umar. Habib addressed Umar’s army and said “You are going to kill the son of the prophet and his family. You will not meet prosperity”. Somebody replied him “You were not among the shi’it of this family”. Habib said” My position indicates if I’m righteous or not. I wrote no letters to Husayn and made no promises but I am supporting him now. I’ll sacrifice myself to help him. You have ignored Husayn and his right way.” Abbas reported the news to Imam Hysayn. He said “We have got to fight with them. There is no other way around. Go to them and see if you can postpone the war to tomorrow, I would like to have a privacy to pray and talk with my God and recite Koran. Umar b. Saad agreed with what Hysayn had said. May be he wanted to see if Hysayn would be willing to change his idea and give up. On the other hand, the night praying of Imam Hysayn and his comrades indicated that they were righteous and if there were any doubt among Umar’s army about the issue, it could be vanished away. During the very night and until it’s tomorrow, at the noon time, some individuals from Umar’s army joined Imam Hysayn, among them the most famous was Hur. b. Yazid Riyahi.
During the night time. Hysayn. b. Ali was repaying and thanking God. “I praise you and thank you, since you bestowed us respect, and taught us Koran, wisdom and enlightenment. Accept us among your believers and friends. My followers are the best ones in the world and my family is the kindest one.” Then he looked at his comrades and said “God rewards you, you are allowed to leave me if you like there is no obligation and you are free to go. It is dark and you can save yourself. The enemy wants just me not you. if they arrest me, they would not follow you”. the first one who spoke in favor of Imam Husayn was Abbas. He manifested his loyalty. Then Muslim b. Ausaje said, “We won’t leave you alone, I will fight with them, even if they kill me and I woud be able to rise again an be alive, I’ll do the same and I’ll help you the best.” Auhayr. B. Qayn, another comrade stood up and said “it would be my pleasure to be killed for you and your family to defend you and Islam.” Qasem, Imam Hassan’s son who was a 13 year-old young man asked his uncle if he would experience martyrdom or not. His majesty answered, “How do you think of death”, “It will be sweeter than honey to me if this is for you, uncle”. Qasem said. Then Imam looked at him and answered “Yeah, you will experience it but very harshly”, Qasem thanked God. Imam Sajad says “When my father saw how loyal his comrades were to him, asked them to raise their heads and watch their own rank and position in the paradise, he showed them their places.”
Then he ordered his group to prepare their weapons and get ready for the war. They digged the ground around the camp and made deep holes so that the enemy forces could not cross the distance and attack the tents easily. He asked his comrades to fill the holes with wood and burn them, and turn on fire to show that Hysayn was still alive and the enemies were not able to raid the tents. They resettled the tents so close to each other that it was impossible for the enemy to pass through them. This forced the enemy to fight them face to face. Then he began reciting Koran and praying God up to the morning. In the morning he rode on his horse and arranged his small army. He appointed Zuhayr. b. Qayn as the holder of the left part and Habib. b. Mazaheir at the right side. He gave Abbas the flag and ordered his friends to make fire behind the tents so that the enemy can not attack them from the backward. Umar b. Saad also arranged his army and appointed the following people as the commanders of his soldiers.
Abd. Allah. b. Zuhayr. Azdi, as the commander of Medina forces. Qays b. Ashas. Was the head of people from Riayh and Kunda. Abd alrahan b. Abi Sabra, was appointed as the commander of Mazjah and baniasad and Hur. b. Yazid, Riyahi was the commander of the right part while Shimr b. Zeljoushan was commanding the left side of the big forces. Urwa. b. Qays Ahmasi was ordered to rule over the cavalry forces and Umar’s released slave, Darid carried the flag. The ground troops were commanded by Shabs. b. Rabei.
Husayn’s group were not more than 72, while 30,000 enemies had besieged them and wanted to arrest them and take them to Kufa. They thought the small group commanded by al-Husayn were not able to resist against them. When the Kufa army got very near, Imam rode on a camel and asked them to listen to him. He wanted to advise them at the very last moment, may be some of them would be more thoughtful about God and realize that the direction they had taken was the wrong one.
Three Main Factors in Imam Husayn's Movement
1.This movement was aiming at preserving reality, equality, and justice, therefore it will remain for good, and people love and respect it.
2.Imam Husayn had started his movement through a great visionary and it took laymen years to understand him and his great work. People did not recognize Husayn and were not able to realize his great role in Muslim world when he was among them. It was only after his martyrdom that they came to know about the reality into some extent. The rebellious movement and revolts by Tawabin, Mukhtar b.Abi. Ubayd al-Thaqafi, Abd Allah, b Hanzala al-Ansari were reactions after Imam Husayn.
The life style Yazid employed was not in line with those of the prophet and Ali (A.) who were humble and modest. In Yazid’s time people visited a 33-year old man, playing with monkey and enjoying a full lechery and leisurely life, whose visiting required a lot of time and energy. People in Medina and other places of the country were not aware of what was going on in Damascus. It was right after Imam Husayn’s martyrdom by Yazid that people began investigations about Yazid’s system: Medina elits sent a delegation under the supervision of Abd Allah Hanzala to Damascus. He came back to Medina being much too upset reporting “Yazid is not qualified for the position since he doesn’t obey Islamic traditions, drinks a lot, adulterates and even he does incest”. He began a revolt against Yazid and was killed accompanied with his 8 sons.
3. Imam Husayn’s movement was a great light in darkness.
It was breaking the absolute silence in a suffocating and stagnating situation